1. Read the following Nelson text and answer the questions A and B:

Nelson Mandela guided South Africa from the shackles of apartheid to a multi-racial democracy, as an icon of and reconciliation who came to embody the struggle for justice around the world.

Imprisoned for nearly three decades for his fight against white minority rule, Mandela never lost his resolve to fight for his people's emancipation. He was determined to bring down apartheid while avoiding a civil war. His prestige and charisma helped him win the support of the world.

"I hate race discrimination most intensely and in all its manifestations. I have fought it all during my life; I will fight it now, and will do so until the end of my days," Mandela said in his acceptance speech on becoming South Africa's first black president in 1994...... "The time for the healing of the wounds has come. The moment to bridge the chasms that divide us has come." "We have, at last, achieved our political emancipation."

In 1993, Mandela was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, an honor he shared with F.W. de Klerk, the white South African leader who had freed him from prison three years earlier and negotiated the end of apartheid.

Mandela went on to play a prominent role on the world stage as an advocate of human dignity in the face of challenges ranging from political repression to AIDS. He formally left public life in June 2004 before his 86th birthday, telling his adoring countrymen: "Don't call me. I'll call you." But he remained one of the world's most revered public figures, combining celebrity sparkle with an unwavering message of freedom, respect and human rights.

$\boxed{\mathbf{~1.A~}}$ Choose the correct answer from the alternatives:

(a) What does the word 'emancipation' in the passage refer to?

i) jubilation

ii) ovation

iii) liberation

iv) reception

(b) What does the word 'apartheid' mean in the passage?

i) stratification

ii) socialization

iii) dissatisfaction

iv) discrimination

(c) What does the word 'democracy' mean?

i) republic

ii) imprisonment

iii) autocracy

iv) anarchy

(d) What does the word 'reconciliation' in the passage refer to?

i) reproduction

ii) reunion

iii) reconstruction

iv) repair

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(e) What does the word 'celebrity' in the passage refer to?

i) conservative

ii) star

iii) simple

iv) liberal

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(f) F.W. de Klerk freed Mandela from prison in - .

i) 1993

ii) 1994

iii) 1990

iv) 1963

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(g) Mandela was the first to advocate _ .

i) gathering people from all countries around the world

ii) unarmed resistance to apartheid

iii) fighting for independence

iv) breaking about unity among all

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(h) What does the word 'decade' stand for?

i) a period of ten years

ii) a period of hundred years

iii) a period of fifty years

iv) a period of ten months

(i) "The moment to bridge the chasms that divide us has come." _ What is meant by 'to bridge the chasms'?

i) to save people

ii) to mitigate sufferings

iii) to reduce difference between black and white people

iv) to remove pauperism

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(j ) The range of actions of Mandela encompasses

i) from national to international problems

ii) from social repression to cultural repression

iii) from cultural aggression to AIDS

iv) from political suppression to AIDS

$\boxed{\mathbf{~1.B~}}$ Answer the following questions:

(a) What was Nelson Mandela determined to do?

(b) How did Mandela win the support of the world?

c) Who is described "as an icon of peace and reconciliation"? Explain the reasons.

(d) "Don't call me. I'll call you." Who was the speaker of these words? What did he mean?

(e) When was Mandela awarded the 'Nobel Peace Prize"? Why did he achieve